machine_learning/neural_network.cpp

/*******************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2019, ArrayFire
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This file is distributed under 3-clause BSD license.
 * The complete license agreement can be obtained at:
 * http://arrayfire.com/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
 ********************************************************/
 
#include <arrayfire.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <af/util.h>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "mnist_common.h"
 
using namespace af;
using std::vector;
 
std::string toStr(const dtype dt) {
    switch (dt) {
        case f32: return "f32";
        case f16: return "f16";
        default: return "N/A";
    }
}
 
float accuracy(const array &predicted, const array &target) {
    array val, plabels, tlabels;
    max(val, tlabels, target, 1);
    max(val, plabels, predicted, 1);
    return 100 * count<float>(plabels == tlabels) / tlabels.elements();
}
 
// Derivative of the activation function
array deriv(const array &out) { return out * (1 - out); }
 
// Cost function
double error(const array &out, const array &pred) {
    array dif = (out - pred);
    return sqrt((double)(sum<float>(dif * dif)));
}
 
class ann {
   private:
    int num_layers;
    vector<array> weights;
    dtype datatype;
 
    // Add bias input to the output from previous layer
    array add_bias(const array &in);
 
    vector<array> forward_propagate(const array &input);
 
    void back_propagate(const vector<array> signal, const array &pred,
                        const double &alpha);
 
   public:
    // Create a network with given parameters
    ann(vector<int> layers, double range, dtype dt = f32);
 
    // Output after single pass of forward propagation
    array predict(const array &input);
 
    // Method to train the neural net
    double train(const array &input, const array &target, double alpha = 1.0,
                 int max_epochs = 300, int batch_size = 100,
                 double maxerr = 1.0, bool verbose = false);
};
 
array ann::add_bias(const array &in) {
    // Bias input is added on top of given input
    return join(1, constant(1, in.dims(0), 1, datatype), in);
}
 
vector<array> ann::forward_propagate(const array &input) {
    // Get activations at each layer
    vector<array> signal(num_layers);
    signal[0] = input;
 
    for (int i = 0; i < num_layers - 1; i++) {
        array in      = add_bias(signal[i]);
        array out     = matmul(in, weights[i]);
        signal[i + 1] = sigmoid(out);
    }
 
    return signal;
}
 
void ann::back_propagate(const vector<array> signal, const array &target,
                         const double &alpha) {
    // Get error for output layer
    array out = signal[num_layers - 1];
    array err = (out - target);
 
    int m = target.dims(0);
 
    for (int i = num_layers - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
        array in    = add_bias(signal[i]);
        array delta = (deriv(out) * err).T();
 
        // Adjust weights
        array tg   = alpha * matmul(delta, in);
        array grad = -(tg) / m;
        weights[i] += grad.T();
 
        // Input to current layer is output of previous
        out = signal[i];
 
        err = matmulTT(delta, weights[i]);
 
        // Remove the error of bias and propagate backward
        err = err(span, seq(1, out.dims(1)));
    }
}
 
ann::ann(vector<int> layers, double range, dtype dt)
    : num_layers(layers.size()), weights(layers.size() - 1), datatype(dt) {
    std::cout
        << "Initializing weights using a random uniformly distribution between "
        << -range / 2 << " and " << range / 2 << " at precision "
        << toStr(datatype) << std::endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < num_layers - 1; i++) {
        weights[i] = range * randu(layers[i] + 1, layers[i + 1]) - range / 2;
        if (datatype != f32) weights[i] = weights[i].as(datatype);
    }
}
 
array ann::predict(const array &input) {
    vector<array> signal = forward_propagate(input);
    array out            = signal[num_layers - 1];
    return out;
}
 
double ann::train(const array &input, const array &target, double alpha,
                  int max_epochs, int batch_size, double maxerr, bool verbose) {
    const int num_samples = input.dims(0);
    const int num_batches = num_samples / batch_size;
 
    double err = 0;
 
    // Training the entire network
    for (int i = 0; i < max_epochs; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < num_batches - 1; j++) {
            int st = j * batch_size;
            int en = st + batch_size - 1;
 
            array x = input(seq(st, en), span);
            array y = target(seq(st, en), span);
 
            // Propagate the inputs forward
            vector<array> signals = forward_propagate(x);
            array out             = signals[num_layers - 1];
 
            // Propagate the error backward
            back_propagate(signals, y, alpha);
        }
 
        // Validate with last batch
        int st    = (num_batches - 1) * batch_size;
        int en    = num_samples - 1;
        array out = predict(input(seq(st, en), span));
        err       = error(out, target(seq(st, en), span));
 
        // Check if convergence criteria has been met
        if (err < maxerr) {
            printf("Converged on Epoch: %4d\n", i + 1);
            return err;
        }
 
        if (verbose) {
            if ((i + 1) % 10 == 0)
                printf("Epoch: %4d, Error: %0.4f\n", i + 1, err);
        }
    }
    return err;
}
 
int ann_demo(bool console, int perc, const dtype dt) {
    printf("** ArrayFire ANN Demo **\n\n");
 
    array train_images, test_images;
    array train_target, test_target;
    int num_classes, num_train, num_test;
 
    // Load mnist data
    float frac = (float)(perc) / 100.0;
    setup_mnist<true>(&num_classes, &num_train, &num_test, train_images,
                      test_images, train_target, test_target, frac);
    if (dt != f32) {
        train_images = train_images.as(dt);
        test_images  = test_images.as(dt);
        train_target = train_target.as(dt);
    }
 
    int feature_size = train_images.elements() / num_train;
 
    // Reshape images into feature vectors
    array train_feats = moddims(train_images, feature_size, num_train).T();
    array test_feats  = moddims(test_images, feature_size, num_test).T();
 
    train_target = train_target.T();
    test_target  = test_target.T();
 
    // Network parameters
    vector<int> layers;
    layers.push_back(train_feats.dims(1));
    layers.push_back(100);
    layers.push_back(50);
    layers.push_back(num_classes);
 
    // Create network: architecture, range, datatype
    ann network(layers, 0.05, dt);
 
    // Train network
    timer::start();
    network.train(train_feats, train_target,
                  2.0,    // learning rate / alpha
                  250,    // max epochs
                  100,    // batch size
                  0.5,    // max error
                  true);  // verbose
    af::sync();
    double train_time = timer::stop();
 
    // Run the trained network and test accuracy.
    array train_output = network.predict(train_feats);
    array test_output  = network.predict(test_feats);
 
    // Benchmark prediction
    af::sync();
    timer::start();
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { network.predict(test_feats); }
    af::sync();
    double test_time = timer::stop() / 100;
 
    printf("\nTraining set:\n");
    printf("Accuracy on training data: %2.2f\n",
           accuracy(train_output, train_target));
 
    printf("\nTest set:\n");
    printf("Accuracy on testing  data: %2.2f\n",
           accuracy(test_output, test_target));
 
    printf("\nTraining time: %4.4lf s\n", train_time);
    printf("Prediction time: %4.4lf s\n\n", test_time);
 
    if (!console) {
        // Get 20 random test images.
        test_output = test_output.T();
        display_results<true>(test_images, test_output, test_target.T(), 20);
    }
 
    return 0;
}
 
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    // usage:  neural_network_xxx (device) (console on/off) (percentage
    // training/test set) (f32|f16)
    int device   = argc > 1 ? atoi(argv[1]) : 0;
    bool console = argc > 2 ? argv[2][0] == '-' : false;
    int perc     = argc > 3 ? atoi(argv[3]) : 60;
    if (perc < 0 || perc > 100) {
        std::cerr << "Bad perc arg: " << perc << std::endl;
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    std::string dts = argc > 4 ? argv[4] : "f32";
    dtype dt        = f32;
    if (dts == "f16")
        dt = f16;
    else if (dts != "f32") {
        std::cerr << "Unsupported datatype " << dts << ". Supported: f32 or f16"
                  << std::endl;
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
 
    if (dts == "f16" && !af::isHalfAvailable(device)) {
        std::cerr << "Half not available for device " << device << std::endl;
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
 
    try {
        af::setDevice(device);
        af::info();
        return ann_demo(console, perc, dt);
    } catch (af::exception &ae) { std::cerr << ae.what() << std::endl; }
 
    return 0;
}